Session 3: Introduction to Cascading Style Sheets

Note: This material relies on previous HTML Workshops

Objectives

1. To be familiar with the story behind cascading style sheets and their purpose.

2. To build some confidence in using styles three different ways: inline; internal; and external.

3. To know how to use classes of style and apply them.

4. To be familiar with a few resources for CSS information.

Introduction

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a language that allows you to define how you want your html document to look. This concerns features such as typeface, background, link colors, margins, and placement of objects on a page. CSS Level 1 (or version 1) became a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation in 1996. The CSS Level 2 specification or version came into effect in 1998. As of fall 2006 CSS Level 3 is still being developed. (If you get interested in CSS development, you can follow their progress here: http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/current-work)

Why style sheets? In the early days of HTML, one could define the various parts of a document (such as headings, body text, bold, etc.), but it was up to the browser to interpret what that was supposed to look like. Internet Explorer would display an <h1> heading tag with a particular font, size, color, etc., and Netscape would choose a different combination, and so on. What this meant was that you could make your page look great in one browser, then look at it in another browser and everything would change. Then Netscape and IE started to add special display features to their browsers that developers would use, but those features simply would not work across all browsers. Companies were losing the point about the web being a place where people could view a document across all kinds of computers and browsers without having major differences.

There were certain display features, such as margins, that were not possible to create unless you created strange workarounds with the available tags, such as tables. These workarounds resulted in problems such as longer download times and very messy coding. Then, whenever there was a change to a website, such as your boss saying, “Let’s change our website color scheme”, this meant editing many, many pages.

The W3C decided to tackle these problems by developing the CSS standard and urging all browser companies to comply with the standards. For the first few years companies resisted this call to order and there was a problem with browser compatibility with style sheet features. For example a style sheet command might work in Netscape 5.0 but not Netscape 4.0 and not in any version of Internet Explorer. These days this scenario is rapidly changing as companies are complying with the style sheet standards.

Why use them?

1. Style sheets make managing the look of multiple web pages MUCH easier by separating CONTENT from DISPLAY information.

2. They make web pages faster to download, very important when you are trying to reach people with older computers and modems.

3. The W3C is slowly phasing out old ways of coding HTML in its standards, for example the use of the <font> tag. Professional standards are moving toward style sheets.

Style rules

All these display instructions are called “style rules” in CSS lingo. Style rules are simply a way of telling anyone’s browser how to make your web page look. Style rules can be coded in three places:

1. Inline - right in the HTML tag

2. Internal Style sheet - at the beginning of the html document between the header tags

3. External Style Sheet - in a separate document that is used as a reference for multiple html pages, and there is a code (a kind of link) in the html pages that tells the browser where to look for the instructions

You can have all three instances of stylesheets in one HTML document. Styles are applied through four levels, the top levels overriding the levels underneath it. The browser will look for styles to apply in the inline style first, then the internal and finally the external style. In some cases when there are no styles applied, the browser will give the HTML document the browser default. Think about it this way: the closer the style is to the actual thing it is styling, the more power it has.

Inline style instructions: Big boss (right inside the HTML)

Internal sheet style instructions: Medium boss (at the top of the HTML page) External sheet style instructions: Little boss (in a separate .css page)

Browser default: Littlest boss (set in your computer)

Anatomy of a style

There are two parts to a style rule. The selector determines what HTML or div tag you are styling, and the declaration is made up of one or more property:value pairs, ending in a semi-colon and enclosed in curly brackets. In this case a property is a display feature such as color, and a value is what you want that property to look like. For example,

h1	{	color:	red;	}
selector		property	value

		declaration

means “I want my <h1> headers’ text color to be red.”

You can have more than one declaration for each selector. Just separate them with semi-colons. We also recommend you put each new rule on a new line, for easy reading. Put the ending curly bracket after the last one.

h1 {color: red;

background: yellow;}

The above declaration means “I want all my <h1> headers’ text color to be red and set in a background that is yellow.” This is the pattern that you will use to compose ALL of your style rules:

“The thing you are talking about” {“the aspect of that thing”: “exactly what you want it to be”;}

Creating custom styles: classes and ids

Another brilliant part of CSS is the ability to distinguish unique sections in your HTML code, or to group several sections of HTML together under one set of rules. You do this with ids and classes.

ids

Ids are customized styles created by you that work with div tags. All content enclosed within that div tag will follow the style rules set by your customized style. The way to do this is to create a set of declarations in your CSS. For example, let’s say you want your “navigation” section to be all blue text in a 10pt font (different from your regular text which is black and 12pt by browser default). For this “navigation” section your declaration would be:

{color: blue;

font-size: 10pt;}

but what about your selector? Here is where you give it a custom name, with a numeral sign in front:

#nav {color: blue;

font-size: 10pt;}

The # sign means “this is an id” and the name of this selector is “nav.” The above styling code would go in your <style> section; the way you would write it in your HTML document would be:

Remember that the <div> acts like a box or container, and that you can style everything in that box as one unit, so if you change the color value to red, all text content within the <div> will change to red. Each <div> tag can only have on id assigned to it.

classes

Classes are also another form of customized style except you can apply this type of styling rule in addition to an id. It can also be used within regular HTML tags. The idea of classes is to allow you to further customize your divs and HTML tags. For example, you have two div tags using the nav id but you want one of them to have a yellow background. You would write your declarations like so:

{background-color: yellow;}

but this time you would name it with a period in front of it:

.yback {background-color: yellow;}

The “period” in front means “this is a class” and the selector of this class is “yback.” This code would go in your <style> section; the way you would write it in your HTML Document would be:

<div id=”nav” class=”yback”> Same as above but w/ yellow background </div>

<div class=”yback”> Font size is 12pt and background is yellow </div>

TIP: Name your classes and ids with explanatory names, so you won’t forget what it means!

Thanks, now can I change the color?

Now that we’ve gone over the syntax (meaning, how to type the code) of style rules, you want to get to the nitty-gritty – what kinds of things can you do with style? Well, pretty much anything, actually. My basic rule of thumb is: anything you can imagine, someone else who knows more than you have already invented a way to do it, you just have to find out how and copy it. For now, let’s look at some of the most basic changes you can make: color changes, font changes, and spacing changes.

Color

There are sixteen pre-defined colors in HTML: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow. That means, you can just type the word “blue” into your code, and the browser will give you the default color for blue. If you want more variety or nuance, there are also 216 “web safe colors” that all browsers should be able to read accurately. You can use these colors by using the “HEX” color code system (a combination of A-F and 0-9 to six places). The HEX system works on the RGB principle: each color is a combination of Red, Green, and Blue. The code is divided in three parts, with the first two spaces representing Red, the second two Green, and the third two Blue. F is the highest, and 0 is the lowest; so here are some basic patterns:

#000000 = black (total absence of color, all zeros) #FFFFFF = white (presence of all colors, all Fs)

#FF0000 = red (the red section at full level) #00FF00 = green (the green section at full level)

#FF8800 = a shade of orange (red plus green) What do you think the code would be for blue?

To learn more about HTML color, a good page is: http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_colors.asp

Font

When you style font, the most typical thing to change is the size. For HTML nowadays, font size is not measured in “points” but in “ems.” An em is the size of the capital letter “M” in the default font and font size which was set by the user’s browser, which means that it could be anything! However, this flexibility is very important. If you remember from the Accessibility lecture, different people need different sized fonts: a visually-impaired person might have their computer set for large size font, whereas someone else might like very small size font. You the designer shouldn’t force an exact size on the user, but should build in flexibility to your design to accommodate users’ needs. So, using an em as a unit of measurement provides web designers with some amount of control and precision in their fonts and widths, while allowing for flexibility on the viewer’s part.

Font size, therefore, is relative: 1em is the size of a capital M at 100%, if you want it smaller, you could put 0.8em which would make your font 80% of the size of the default M; if you want it larger you can make it 1.2em which would be 120% the size of a default M, and so on.

Spacing

You can control the spacing of your page with margins, padding, width, and height. This will be more important in the next session (and frankly, is a little complicated), so for now just remember that spacing is set in pixels. A pixel is a standard size that all browsers recognize – though it can still be somewhat flexible, depending on the size of the computer screen on which your page is being viewed.

You will get the feel for how large pixels are after you play around with your page. Pixels are written px, and some typical commands might include things like:

margin-left: 10px; width: 100px; height: 252px; padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px;

PRACTICE TIME

Okay, we now come to the fun part. Please get your “index.html” file from where you have saved it, and open it in Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac). You should have something similar to this in your “index.html” file from session 2.

<html>

<head>

<title>John’s Homepage</title>

</head>

<body>

<div>

<a href="courses.html">Courses</a><br />

<a href="personal.html">Personal</a><br />

</div>

<div>

<p>This is my brief description for my webpage.</p>

<div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

Exercise 1: Creating an Internal Style Sheet:

Enter the following bolded text between the </title> tag and the </head> tag. Follow the indenting conventions. By organizing the indenting and punctuation this way, it really helps you to layout your ideas and allows you to easily find mistakes in your coding when things don’t work:

Check your work. It should look something like this:

<html>

<head>

<title>John's Homepage</title>

body {

text-align: left;

font-size: 1em;

}

a {

color: maroon;

font-size: 1.2em;

}

p {

background-color: lime;

}

img {

border: 1px solid #000000;

}

</style>

</head>

<body> ………

< Now, save your index.html file and look at it in a browser. Check the webpage against the code you just wrote; can you identify all of the changes you made?

Exercise 2: Practicing inline style commands:

Change the paragraph <p> to :

<p style="color: red; background-color: yellow;"> This is my brief description for my webpage.</p>

Now, let’s dress up an image. Take the image <img> tag and change it to:

< Save your work and open index.html in a browser. Notice how only that one paragraph area has a background color and the font color is red? The inline style overrode the internal style sheet’s rules, because it is closer to the actual content. This is an effect of the “cascading” part of CSS.

Exercise 3: Practicing external style commands:

In your HTML document, after the </title> tag and before the internal style command <style>, delete the rules you had entered for p and img, and enter the following text:

The top of the file should look something like this:

<html>

<head>

<title>CSS Example 3</title>

body {

text-align: left;

font-size: 1em;

}

a {

color: #6666FF;

font-size: 1.2em;

}

</style>

</head>

The command you just typed in tells the browser that views the page that style information can be located in a file called “base.css” in the same directory as the index.html. Add another <img> tag after your first <img> tag in the <body> of the HTML document, make sure you take out the inline elements from the second one. This will demonstrate the difference. It should look like this:

<div>

</div>

< Save and close index.html. Then start a new blank file with Notepad or TextEdit and type in the following lines:

img {

border: solid;

border-color: red;

}

p {

color: blue;

background-color: green;

}

This is ALL that is needed…no html, header, title, etc. tags. < Save the file as “base.css” and be sure to save in the same folder as your index.html file. Use a browser to look at index.html. Now, your <img> and <p> tags are styled by the external file, your <body> and <a> tags are styled by the internal sheet, and a few of your <p> and <img> tags are styled with inline style. Try adding and deleting rules in the internal and external files, each time you will see that the inline style overrides the internal sheet which overrides the external sheet. “This is the cascade”

Exercise 4: Using ids

<div> tags allow you to create a container for your content, and by adding in ids in your stylesheets, we can apply an overall format to that container. ids in stylesheets are denoted by the # sign.

Add in the following after the last selector{property:value} in your internal stylesheet:

#nav {

border: 1px dashed blue;

}

#nav a {

font-size: 1.2em;

color: purple;

}

#content {

text-align: right;

border: 1px solid green;

}

Now edit your <div> tags so they look like this:

<div id="nav">

<a href="courses.html">Courses</a><br />

<a href="personal.html">Personal</a><br />

</div>

<div id="content">

<p class="important">This is my brief description for my webpage.</p>

</div>

< Save and refresh your index.html file. You will notice that that the contents of the <div> tags have taken on the properties that were assigned to that id. Now, why did we put both “#nav” and “#nav a”? Well, look inside your #nav <div>, what is inside? There are three <a> links in there, and <a> is a separate element in HTML, and needs to be styled separately from regular text.

Exercise 5: Using classes, more display ideas, and controlling the look of multiple pages:

WHAT IF we have a HTML document with a number of similar objects, for example paragraphs, and we don’t want them to look the same way? We can create different “classes” for those paragraphs, so that each one can look different.

1. Add in the following code in the internal stylesheet:

.contentp {

color: fuschia;

background: yellow;

}

p.important {

color: blue;

background: silver;

}

Classes are denoted by the . before the selector name you create for it and can be applied to any element as long as it calls for the class (i.e. .contentp). Classes assigned to specific elements can only be called upon by that element. (i.e. p.important, the .important class is given only to the paragraph element). Make a simple list after the </p> tag. Your HTML code should look something like this, I’ve bolded the new additions:

<html>

<head>

<title>John's Homepage</title>

body {

text-align: left;

font-size: 1em;

}

a {

color: maroon;

font-size: 1.2em;

}

p {

background-color: lime;

}

img {

border: 1px solid #000000;

}

#nav {

border: 1px dashed blue;

}

#nav a {

font-size: 1.2em;

color: purple;

}

#content {

text-align: left;

border: 1px solid green;

}

.contentp {

background: yellow;

}

p.important {

color: blue;

background: silver;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<a href="courses.html">Courses</a><br />

<a href="personal.html">Personal</a><br />

</div>

<p>This is my brief description for my webpage.</p>

<ul>

<li>

I like blue.

</li>

<li>

I like tater tots.

</li>

</ul>

<div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

2. Now we have to format the paragraph and list of your html. Change your paragraph and list tag so that they look like the example below, changes are in bold:

<p class=”important”>This is my brief description for my webpage.</p>

<li>

I like blue.

</li>

<li>

I like tater tots.

</li>

</ul>

3. Now, save and open index.html with your browser. Notice how you can create very different looks for your paragraphs and other elements, depending on how you classed them?

NOW, YOU CAN CONTINUE TO PLAY WITH THESE FILES USING THE SHORT LIST OF CSS PROPERTIES AND VALUES INCLUDED IN THIS PACKET.

RESOURCES:

1. If you want to learn more, I HIGHLY recommend the following website:

http://www.webmonkey.com/webmonkey/authoring/stylesheets/tutorials/tutorial1.html

It is an EXCELLENT step by step tutorial.

2. If you ever want to check the coding of your style sheet, go to:http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/

Type in your css page’s URL, then have the W3C check your coding. I’ve found that it’s a great way to clean up mistakes!!! There is also a lot of good material on the current and new standards for CSS.

ps: if you haven’t tried the html validator: http://validator.w3.org/, you should do so right now!!!

3. Castro, E. (2003). HTML for the World Wide Web, with XHTML and CSS. Berkeley:Peachpit Press.

An EXCELLENT resource!! A very useful table of properties and values is in the back, and it does a gentle job of bringing people out of HTML 4.0 to XHTML and CSS.

4. Eric Meyer (2006). CSS: The Definitive Guide. O’Reilly.

This is the best book on CSS I have found in a while – it’s a little dry sometimes but really tells you all the rules you need to know about making CSS pages. I recommend it as a reference book.

5. The Webteam’s list of resources for CSS is at: http://www.hawaii.edu/slis/webteam/tutorials/css.htm

6. http://w3schools.com/css/default.asp breaks down the elements and explains them, they also provide test pages for you to edit the code and view the changes you make to better understand how the declarations work. This is the page we tried the sample CSS codes on in class.

7. http://w3schools.com/tags/default.asp The HTML / XHTML reference guide at W3Schools is also an excellent place to check your HTML codes for obsolescence and to check what might need to be styled via CSS. A great reference resource!

SELECTED CSS PROPERTIES AND VALUES

Here are some useful properties of style that you might want to try out in your own pages. The files examples.css and examples.html found at http://www.hawaii.edu/slis/webteam/workshops/06sp.CSS_Student/ demonstrate some of these properties. If you want more information on the available properties of CSS, try http://www.blooberry.com/indexdot/css/propindex/all.htm for an alphabetical list.

background-color	for changing the background color of elements e.g. background-color: blue; e.g. background-color: #FFFFFF; (white)
background-image	for changing the background image of elements e.g. background-image: url(bluehill.jpg);
border-color	for setting the color of the border e.g. border-color: green;
border	for setting the style of a border (syntax: width type color) e.g. border: 5px solid green;
color	for setting the foreground color of an element – basically, the text e.g. color: blue;
font-family	for choosing the font family for text e.g. font-family: Helvetica;
font-size	for setting the size of text e.g. font-size: 1em;
font-weight	for applying, removing, and adjusting bold formatting e.g. font-weight: bold; e.g. font-weight: light;
letter-spacing	for setting the amount of space between letters e.g. letter-spacing: 20px;
text-decoration	for decorating text e.g. text-decoration: underline; e.g. text-decoration: overline; e.g. text-decoration: line-through;
text-align	for aligning text e.g. text-align: right; e.g. text-align: left; e.g. text-align: center;
height	for setting the height of an element – applies only to content height (does not include margin and padding) e.g. height: 100px;
width	for setting the width of an element – applies only to content width (does not include margin and padding) e.g. width: 1024px;
padding	for setting the amount of space between the border of the element and the content (measured same as margin: TRBL) e.g. padding: 5px 10px 5px 10px;
margin	for setting the amount of space outside the border of the element set “top right bottom left” (it spells TRBL like trouble) e.g. margin: 10px 20px 10px 20px;